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Small wooden masks (mbuya) were traditionally worn by young boys to celebrate their graduation from mukanda circumcision camps, where they received training in the history of the group and in their responsibilities as adult members of society....
This small pestle, presumably used for crushing food, has a heavily-worn, glossy surface which is the result of years of continuous use. The features of the female face appear summarily treated when compared to the more elaborately carved...
This magnificent figure is a template for Luba body arts, and demonstrates the degree to which perfection of the body was a significant communicative social process for Luba people in late precolonial and early colonial times. The coiffure, for...
Because the eastern Pende are politically decentralized, masks from the area frequently serve as agents of social control, as well as in their better-known functions in the mukanda initiation camp. Helmet masks of this type, called phumbu wa...
The German folklorist Leo Frobenius, who visited southeastern Zaire in 1906-7, provided the earliest description of the use and function of Songye masks based on observations of their traditionalcontext. His notes (published by Ernst Vatter...
Among the Western Pende along the Kwango River in Central Zaire masks are worn to celebrate the graduation of young men from the mukanda initiation camps, where they are taught the skills needed for survival and the responsibilities of adult men in...